Validade e Confiabilidade do Instrumento Resultados Esperados da Avaliação da Cicatrização de Feridas Crônicas (Resvech 2.0) / Validity and Reliability of the Expected Results of the Evaluation of Chronic Wound Healing (Resvech 2.0) / Validez y Fiabilidad de los Resultados Esperados de la Evaluación de la Cicatrización Crónica de Heridas (Resvech 2.0)

Introdução:As feridas de difícil cicatrização incidem em uma problemática de saúde devido a sua elevada prevalência e etiologias multifatoriais. O tratamento se inicia na prescrição do agente terapêutico apropriado, sucedido do uso de instrumentos que permitam ao profissional documentar as avaliações da ferida. Objetivo: O estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a confiabilidade e validade da versão brasileira do instrumento RESVECH 2.0 no contexto das feridas de difícil cicatrização. Método: Realizou-se um estudo metodológico. Inicialmente, foi aplicada uma entrevista nos participantes com o intuito de estabelecer um perfil; após, foram realizadas as avaliações das feridas de difícil cicatrização de qualquer etiologia (n = 179) com os instrumentos RESVECH 2.0 e Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing 3.0 (PUSH 3.0). Resultado: As propriedades psicométricas avaliadas foram a validade do construto convergente, confiabilidade interobservadores e consistência interna. A confiabilidade de consistência interna apresentou os valores de 0,561 e 0,535. A confiabilidade interobservadores apresentou um valor Kappa que varia entre 0,14 e 0,76 e um coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) de 0,87. Para a validade de construto convergente, foi aplicado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman para os dados dos escores dos instrumentos RESVECH 2.0 e PUSH 3.0 (n = 150), coeficiente obtido foi igual a 0,717. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o instrumento demonstrou evidências de confiabilidade e validade.

Introduction:Wounds that are difficult to heal are a health problem due to their high prevalence and multifactorial etiologies. Treatment begins with the prescription of the appropriate therapeutic agent, followed by the use of instruments that allow the professional to document wound assessments. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Brazilian version of the RESVECH 2.0 instrument in the context of difficult-to-heal wounds. Methods: A methodological study was carried out. Initially, participants were interviewed in order to establish a profile; then evaluations of difficult-to-heal wounds of any etiology (n = 179) were performed with RESVECH 2.0 and Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing 3.0 (PUSH 3.0) instruments. Results: The psychometric properties evaluated were convergent construct validity, interobserver reliability and internal consistency. Internal consistency reliability showed the values of 0.561 and 0.535. Interobserver reliability showed a Kappa value ranging from 0.14 to 0.76 and an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.87. For convergent construct validity, Spearman's correlation coefficient was applied to RESVECH 2.0 and PUSH 3.0 scores (n = 150); the coefficient obtained was 0.717. Conclusion: It is concluded that the instrument showed evidence of reliability and validity.

Introducción:Las heridas de difícil cicatrización constituyen un problema de salud por su alta prevalencia y etiologías multifactoriales. El tratamiento comienza con la prescripción del agente terapéutico adecuado, seguido por el uso de instrumentos que permiten al profesional documentar la evaluación de la herida. Objetivo: El estudio pretende evaluar la fiabilidad y validez de la versión brasileña del instrumento RESVECH 2.0 en el contexto de heridas de difícil cicatrización. Método: Se realizó un estudio metodológico. Inicialmente, se aplicó una entrevista a los participantes para establecer un perfil; a continuación, se realizaron las evaluaciones de las heridas de difícil cicatrización de cualquier etiología (n = 179) con los instrumentos RESVECH 2.0 y Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing 3.0 (PUSH 3.0). Resultados: Las propiedades psicométricas evaluadas fueron la validez de constructo convergente, la fiabilidad interobservador y la consistencia interna. La fiabilidad de la consistencia interna presentó los valores de 0,561 y 0,535. La fiabilidad interobservador presentó un valor Kappa que osciló entre 0,14 y 0,76 y un coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) de 0,87. Para la validez de constructo convergente, se aplicó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman a los datos de las puntuaciones de los instrumentos RESVECH 2.0 y PUSH 3.0 (n = 150); el coeficiente obtenido fue de 0,717. Conclusión: Se concluye que el instrumento mostró indicios de fiabilidad y validez.

Confiabilidad Inter-evaluador en la Medición del Grosor Muscular y el Ángulo de Penación a través de la Evaluación Ecográfica: Estudio entre un Experto y un Kinesiólogo en Formación / Inter-Evaluator Reliability in Measurement of Muscle Thickness and Penance Angle through Ultrasound Evaluation: Comparison Study between an Expert and a Physical Therapist in Training

Existen diversas formas de evaluar el músculo esquelético. Una herramienta que ha ganado relevancia es la evaluación ecográfica. Esta, permite medir el grosor muscular (GM) y el ángulo de penación (AP). Por otra parte, en la formación inicial de los Kinesiólogos es importante realizar el ejercicio de la confiabilidad en la medición en relación al experto. un procedimiento diagnóstico. Así, el objetivo de este estudio es determinar la confiabilidad inter-evaluador en la medición del GM y el AP, a través de la evaluación ecográfica, entre un experto y un kinesiólogo en formación. La capacitación contó de tres fases; el ciclo teórico, el ciclo práctico y el proceso de confiabilidad. Para este último, se realizaron 10 pruebas para cada una de las mediciones GM 1, GM 2 y GM 3 y de AP. La confiabilidad inter-evaluador en la medición de GM es buena a excelente en los tres intentos GM1 (ICC=0,81; p=0,001), GM2 (ICC=0,86; p<0,001), GM3 (ICC=0,88;<0,001). Por su parte, la confiabilidad del AP fue pobre a regular (ICC=0,21; p=0,143. Las conclusiones de esta investigación indican que existe una excelente confiabilidad inter evaluador en la medición de GM. No así, en la medición de AP, por lo que se sugiere incrementar las horas prácticas en el proceso de aprendizaje de esta medida.

SUMMARY: Skeletal muscle can be assessed in a number of different ways. Consequently, ultrasound evaluation has become a relevant diagnostic tool. This procedure allows measuring muscle thickness (MT) and pennation angle (PA). Furthermore, during the initial training of physical therapists it is important in a diagnostic procedure, to exercise reliability in measurement in comparison to the expert. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the inter-rater reliability in the measurement of MT and PA, through ultrasound evaluation, between an expert and a physical therapist in training. This training was comprised of three phases: The theoretical cycle, the practical cycle and the reliability process. For the latter, ten different tests were performed for each of the MT 1, MT 2 and MT 3 and PA measurements. Inter-rater reliability in the MT measurement was good to excellent in the three attempts MT1 (ICC=0.81; p=0.001), MT2 (ICC=0.86; p<0.001), MT3 (ICC=0. 88;<0.001). On the other hand, reliability of the PA was poor to fair (ICC=0.21; p=0.143. In conclusion, this research indicates that there is excellent inter-rater reliability in the measurement of MT. This does not however apply to the measurement of PA. It is therefore suggested that practical hours during the learning process of this measure be increased.

Effect of M-wave Amplitude on Inter-evaluator Concordance and Number of Detected Innervation Zones in the Medial Gastrocnemius Using Multichannel Electromyography / Efecto de la Amplitud de la Onda M sobre la Concordancia entre Evaluadores y el Número de Zonas de Inervación Detectadas en el Gastrocnemio Medial Mediante Electromiografía Multicanal

SUMMARY: The Innervation Zones (IZ) correspond to clusters of neuromuscular junctions. The traditional method of locating IZs through voluntary muscle contractions may not be feasible in individuals with motor disorders. Imposed contractions by electrostimulation are an alternative. However, there is limited evidence regarding the factors that affect inter-evaluator concordance and the number of localized IZs when using imposed contraction. The main objective of this research was to determine the effect of the amplitude of compound motor action potentials (CMAPs) containing the M-wave on inter-evaluator agreement. As a secondary objective, was investigate the effect on the number of detected IZs. Twenty-four healthy volunteers (age: 21.2 ± 1.5years, weight: 67.4 ± 13.2kg, height: 1.68 ± 0.80m) participated in the study. Electrostimulation was applied to the tibial nerve to induce contraction of the medial gastrocnemius. The IZ were identified based on the M-wave recorded through multichannel electromyography. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to assess sensitivity and specificity in detecting the IZs. Inter-rater agreement was evaluated using a two-way mixed effects test to determine the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The ROC analysis revealed that for both evaluators, a specificity of 95% was achieved with an amplitude ≥30 %. The area under the ROC curve was 0.980 [0.964, 0.996], indicating a strong influence of CMAP amplitude on detection of IZs. The highest level of agreement (ICC = 0.788 [0.713, 0.844]) among the evaluators was observed with CMAP amplitudes equal to or greater than 80 % of the maximum M-wave. The findings of this study demonstrate that both the number and the inter-evaluator concordance for detecting IZs using imposed contractions are strongly influenced by the amplitude of the M-wave. Higher M-wave amplitudes were associated with improved concordance and increased IZ detection, making it crucial to standardize amplitude settings for reliable outcomes.

Las Zonas de Inervación (IZ) corresponden a grupos de uniones neuromusculares. El método tradicional para localizar IZs mediante contracciones musculares voluntarias puede no ser factible en personas con trastornos motores. Las contracciones impuestas mediante electro estimulación son una alternativa. Sin embargo, existe poca evidencia sobre los factores que afectan la concordancia entre evaluadores y el número de IZs localizadas al usar este tipo de contracciones. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de la amplitud de los potenciales de acción motores compuestos (PAMCs) que contienen la onda M sobre la concordancia entre evaluadores. Como objetivo secundario, se investigó el efecto sobre el número de IZs detectadas. Veinticuatro voluntarios sanos (edad: 21.2 ± 1.5 años, peso: 67.4 ± 13.2 kg, altura: 1.68 ± 0.80 m) participaron en el estudio. Se aplicó electroestimulación al nervio tibial para inducir la contracción del gastrocnemio medial. Las IZs se identificaron según la onda M registrada mediante electromiografía multicanal. Se realizó un análisis de curva de las característica del receptor (ROC) para evaluar la sensibilidad y especificidad en la detección de las IZs. La concordancia entre evaluadores se evaluó utilizando una prueba de efectos mixtos de dos vías para determinar los coeficientes de correlación intraclase (ICC). Se consideró un valor de p menor que 0.05 como estadísticamente significativo. El análisis ROC reveló que para ambos evaluadores se logró una especificidad del 95% con una amplitud ≥30 %. El área bajo la curva ROC fue de 0.980 [0.964, 0.996], lo que indica una fuerte influencia de la amplitud del CMAP en la detección de las IZs. El nivel más alto de concordancia (ICC = 0.788 [0.713, 0.844]) entre los evaluadores se observó con amplitudes de CMAP iguales o mayores al 80 % de la onda M máxima. Los hallazgos de este estudio demuestran que tanto el número como la concordancia entre evaluadores para detectar IZs mediante contracciones impuestas están fuertemente influenciados por la amplitud de la onda M. Las amplitudes más altas de la onda M se asociaron con una concordancia mejorada y un aumento en la detección de IZs, lo que hace crucial estandarizar los ajustes de amplitud para obtener resultados confiables.

Avaliação da profundidade da cárie proximal nos exames radiográfico convencional e digitalizado / Evaluation of the size of proximal caries in radiography and digitized

Introdução: A cárie dentária é uma doença multifatorial que compreende vários fatores biológicos e sociais. A superfície proximal dos dentes é uma região de difícil visualização que pode esconder pequenas lesões cariosas no esmalte dentário, impossibilitando o diagnóstico através de inspeções visuais e táteis. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a profundidade da cárie proximal nos exames radiográficos convencionais e digitais, comparando as profundidades das lesões consideradas nestes exames às do exame histológico. Método: Foram utilizados exames radiográficos interproximais de 40 dentes humanos, 20 pré-molares e 20 molares, com alterações clínicas em uma das superfícies proximais, como lesões de mancha branca ou acastanhada e pequenas cavitações. Três profissionais especializados em radiologia odontológica com mais de cinco anos de experiência clínica mediram a profundidade das lesões pelos exames radiográfico e digital das amostras. Para obter os resultados, utilizou-se a técnica de análise de variância (ANOVA). Resultados: Constatou-se um nível de significância de 5% nas mensurações dos exames radiográficos convencionais e digitalizados, mostrando a fidelidade das imagens radiográficas em relação a real profundidade da lesão. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os exames de imagem avaliados foram eficientes na determinação da profundidade das lesões de cárie proximal.

Introduction: Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that comprises several biological and social factors. The proximal surface of the teeth is a region of difficult visualization that can hide small carious lesions in the dental enamel, making diagnosis through visual and tactile inspection infeasible. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the depth of proximal caries in the conventional and digitized radiographic examinations, comparing the depths of the lesions considered in these examinations to those of the histological examination. Method: Interproximal radiographic examinations of 40 human teeth, 20 premolars and 20 molars, with clinical alterations on one of the proximal surfaces, such as white or brown spot lesions and small cavitations, were used. Three professionals specialized in dental radiology with more than five years of clinical experience measured the depth of the lesions by radiographic examination of the samples. To obtain the results, we used the technique of analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: A level of significance of 5% was found in conventional and digitized radiographic measurements, showing the fidelity of the radiographic images in relation to the actual depth of the lesion. Conclusion: It was concluded that the imaging tests evaluated were efficient in determining the depth of proximal caries lesions.

Clasificación de Leonetti y Tigani para fracturas del pilón tibial: validación con residentes de Traumatología y Ortopedia, y fellows en tobillo y pie / Validation of the classification of Leonetti and Tigani in tibial pilon fractures through resident doctors in Traumatology and Orthopedics and foot and ankle fellows

Objetivo: Validar la clasificación de Leonetti y Tigani con evaluadores de diferentes niveles de experiencia. materiales y métodos: Se evaluó a 54 pacientes (54 fracturas del pilón tibial) en forma retrospectiva. Se tomaron radiografías de tibia distal, de frente y perfil, y una tomografía computarizada con cortes axiales, sagitales, coronales y reconstrucción 3D. Se incluyeron todos los subtipos de la clasificación de Leonetti y Tigani. Los evaluadores tenían diferentes niveles de entrenamientos: dos eran fellows en pie y tobillo, y dos, residentes del último año de formación. Para determinar la concordancia interobservador, cada caso fue clasificado en tipo I, II, III o IV, según Leonetti y Tigani. Para evaluar la concordancia intraobservador el mismo evaluador analizó los casos a las 6 semanas. Se utilizó el coeficiente kappa para determinar el grado de concordancia entre evaluadores y ese valor fue expresado con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados: La concordancia intraobservador fue moderada y muy buena para cada fellow, y buena y muy buena para los residentes, entre la primera y segunda evaluación. La concordancia interobservador arrojó un coeficiente kappa global de 0,7156 (IC95% 0,60-0,83), un valor bueno cuando se consideraron todas las fracturas por todos los evaluadores. Conclusiones: El sistema de clasificación de fracturas del pilón tibial alcanza concordancias superiores a las de estudios previos de otras clasificaciones. Dichas concordancias se lograron con médicos con diferentes niveles de experiencia y conocimiento. Nuestros hallazgos contribuyen a la validación externa e independiente de este nuevo sistema de clasificación. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objective: To validate the classification of Leonetti and Tigani with evaluators of different levels of expertise. Materials and methods: 54 patients with 54 tibial pilon fractures were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were studied using AP and lateral radiography of the distal tibia, as well as CT scans (axial, coronal, and sagittal images with reconstruction). All subtypes of the Leonetti classification were included. The evaluators presented different levels of training: two Foot and Ankle fellows and two residents in their last year of training. To determine the interobserver agreement, each case was classified into types I, II, III and IV according to Leonetti. To determine the intraobserver agreement, the cases were analyzed by the same evaluator after 6 weeks. The kappa coefficient (k) was used to determine the degree of agreement between the evaluators, that value was expressed with a 95% confidence interval. Results: The intraobserver agreement between the first and second evaluation for fellows was moderate and very good. For the residents, it was good and very good. The interobserver agreement for the classification of tibial pilon fractures presented an overall kappa of 0.7156 (95%CI: 0.60 to 0.83), which is a good value when all fractures are considered by all evaluators. Conclusion:This tibial pilon fracture classification system surpasses previous studies of other classifications in terms of agreement. These agreements were reached with physicians with varying levels of expertise. Our findings contribute to the external and independent validation of this new classification system. Level of Evidence: IV

Effectiveness validation of a novel comprehensive classification for intertrochanteric fractures / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To validate the effectiveness of a novel comprehensive classification for intertrochanteric fracture (ITF).@*METHODS@#The study included 616 patients with ITF, including 279 males (45.29%) and 337 females (54.71%); the age ranged from 23 to 100 years, with an average of 72.5 years. Two orthopaedic residents (observers Ⅰ and Ⅱ) and two senior orthopaedic surgeons (observers Ⅲ and Ⅳ) were selected to classify the CT imaging data of 616 patients in a random order by using the AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification of 1996/2007 edition, the AO/OTA classification of 2018 edition, and the novel comprehensive classification method at an interval of 1 month. Kappa consistency test was used to evaluate the intra-observer and inter-observer consistency of the three ITF classification systems.@*RESULTS@#The inter-observer consistency of the three classification systems evaluated by 4 observers twice showed that the 3 classification systems had strong inter-observer consistency. Among them, the κ value of the novel comprehensive classification was higher than that of the AO/OTA classification of 1996/2007 edition and 2018 edition, and the experience of observers had a certain impact on the classification results, and the inter-observer consistency of orthopaedic residents was slightly better than that of senior orthopaedic surgeons. The intra-observer consistency of two evaluations of three classification systems by 4 observers showed that the consistency of the novel comprehensive classification was better for the other 3 observers, except that the consistency of observer Ⅳ in the AO/OTA classification of 2018 version was slightly higher than that of the novel comprehensive classification. The results showed that the novel comprehensive classification has higher repeatability, and the intra-observer consistency of senior orthopaedic surgeons was better than that of orthopaedic residents.@*CONCLUSION@#The novel comprehensive classification system has good intra- and inter-observer consistency, and has high validity in the classification of CT images of ITF patients; the experience of observers has a certain impact on the results of the three classification systems, and those with more experiences have higher intra-observer consistency.

Lógica histórica da medicina e a homeopatia / The historical logic of medicine and homeopathy

Este artigo baseia-se na tese de que a teoria homeopática está originalmente orientada por um vitalismo de caráter hermenêutico, isto é, assume que a positividade dos fenômenos com que lida é sempre dependente de uma totalidade compreensiva (totalidade vital), singularizada em cada situação individual e somente acessível por meio das narrativas dos pacientes. O objetivo do estudo foi compreender as relações entre estas concepções vitalistas e o lugar dos procedimentos compreensivo- -interpretativos na propedêutica e terapêutica propostas pela teoria homeopática, as quais podem apontar alternativas para estabelecer as suas bases de validação. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, baseado na análise documental de textos canônicos da homeopatia, especialmente a obra de Hahnemann, e entrevistas em profundidade com homeopatas que combinam atividade clínica com pesquisa e docência na área (formadores de opinião). A metodologia foi instruída pela Hermenêutica Filosófica e pela Epistemologia Histórica, sendo o substrato discursivo (escrito e falado) trabalhado de modo não-formalista, buscando-se identificar e interpretar livremente eixos narrativos e núcleos de significado julgados relevantes. A discussão voltou-se fundamentalmente para a recuperação dos principais movimentos históricos de conformação do paradigma vitalista na homeopatia, o cotejamento desse desenvolvimento com a adoção de procedimentos semiológicos de caráter compreensivo-interpretativo e as implicações desse "vitalismo da palavra" para as concepções homeopáticas contemporâneas. O trabalho aponta para a positividade e produtividade do trabalho com a linguagem e as narrativas no âmbito de uma homeopatia entendida como uma "medicina do sujeito", e sugere aprofundamentos na direção hermenêutico- -filosófica como alternativa para o adensamento conceitual e para o aperfeiçoamento dos processos de validação do saber e da prática da homeopatia.

Homeopathic medicine is a socially validated practice, progressively incorporated into the institutional health care scheme, including the public health system. However, the issue of the fundamentals of this therapeutic, of its scientific validation, remains outstanding. In the sense of responding to this demand for validation, there is a need for research methodologies. that allow for accurate investigations, suitable for the concepts of health, illness and therapeutics that are intrinsic to the homeopathic rational. This paper is based on the notion that homeopathic theory is originally guided by a vitalism of hermeneutical character, that. is, it assumes that the positivity of phenomena with which it deals, is always dependent on the comprehensive totality (vital totality), specific to each individual situation and accessible only by means of the patients´ narratives. The study's purpose was to understand the relations between these vitalist concepts and the place of comprehensive-interpretative procedures in the propedeutics and therapeutics proposed by the homeopathic medicine that may point out to alternatives to establish its validation bases. This is qualitative research, based on the documentary analysis of homeopathy canonic texts, especially the work of Hahnemann, and originally n-depth interviews with homeopaths that combine clinic activity and education in the area (opinion makers). The methodology was instructed by Philosophic. Hermeneutics and by Historic Epistemology, and the layer subjacent to the discourse (written and spoken) effected in a non-formal manner, searching for the free identification. And interpretation of the narrative axes and core meanings that were deemed significant. The discussion was basically focused on the recovery of the major historical movements related. To the development of the vitalist paradigm in homeopathy, the comparison of this development with the adoption of semiologic procedures of comprehensive- -interpretative character and the implications of this "vitalism of the word" to the contemporary homeopathic concepts. The paper points out to the positivity and productivity of the work on language and narratives in the domain of a homeopathy understood as "medicine of the subject" and suggests deeper studies in the hermeneutical-philosophical direction as an alternative for the concept densification and for the improvement of validation processes of knowledge and practice of homeopathy.

Grado de concordancia en una serie de informes de electroencefalogramas ambulatorios del Departamento de Neurofisiología Clínica del Hospital de Clínicas / Coefficient of agreement in a series of reports for ambulatory electroencephalograms at the clinical neurophisiology department of Clinicas Hospital / Grau de concordância em uma série de relatórios de eletroencefalogramas ambulatoriais do Departamento de Neurofisiologia Clínica do Hospital de Clínicas

El electroencefalograma (EEG) es una técnica neurofisiológica encargada de analizar la actividad cerebral utilizada con fines diagnósticos en la epilepsia, pero también en pacientes con encefalopatías agudas y crónicas no epilépticas. Su interpretación debe realizarse por médicos especializados en el área con una formación correcta, actualizada y homogénea para evitar conclusiones disimiles y términos en desuso. Para conocer dentro de una unidad de Neurofisiología Clínica de manera objetiva cómo se interpreta un EEG y su concordancia, comparamos una serie de estudios de EEG ambulatorios a través del grado de concordancia o Kappa entre los observadores. Creemos que es importante conocer las similitudes o diferencias inter observador a fines de corregir los problemas observados y mejorar la calidad asistencial.

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a neurophysiological technique that measures electrical activity in the brain for diagnostic purposes in epilepsy, and in patients with nonepileptic acute and chronic encelopathies. This test must be performed by physicians who are specialized in the area and have the appropriate updated and uniform training, in order to avoid dissimilar conclusions and outdated terms. We compared a series of ambulatory EEG by analyzing the Kappa or coefficient of agreement rate among observers to objectively learn how an EEG is interpreted and about agreement rates at the Neurophisiology Clinic. We believe it is important to learn about interobserver similarities and differences to allow for the correction of problems noticed and improve the quality of care. Coefficient of agreement in a series of reports for ambulatory electroencephalograms at the clinical neurophisiology department of Clinicas Hospital.

O eletroencefalograma (EEG) é uma técnica neurofisiológica utilizada no estudo da atividade cerebral utilizada no diagnóstico em epilepsia, mas também em pacientes com encefalopatias não epilépticas agudas e crônicas. Sua interpretação deve ser realizada por médicos especialistas na área com formação correta, atualizada e homogênea para evitar conclusões díspares e termos obsoletos. Para conhecer como um EEG e sua concordância são interpretados objetivamente dentro de uma unidade de Neurofisiologia Clínica, comparamos uma série de estudos EEG ambulatoriais através do grau de concordância ou Kappa entre observadores. Acreditamos que é importante conhecer as semelhanças ou diferenças interobservadores para corrigir os problemas observados e melhorar a qualidade do atendimento.

Principales sesgos en la investigación epidemiológica en salud ocupacional / Main biases in epidemiological research in occupational health

El objetivo de este documento es mostrar una síntesis de los principales sesgos que pueden aparecer en el estudio de la salud del trabajo, sus orígenes y consecuencias. Para ello, se realizó una revisión documental de libros y artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años en inglés y español. Se dejó fuera aquellos documentos que no estuvieran publicados en revistas con comité editorial y en caso de los libros, que no tuvieran registro ISBN. Se incluyeron 7 libros y 14 artículos. Un sesgo es un error sistemático, que sucede en el proceso de investigación y que pueden darse durante la planeación, recolección y procesamiento de datos. Se revisarán dos tipos principales de sesgos: 1) Selección y 2) Información y/o medición, en cada caso se describe la definición, potencial impacto en los resultados y se plantean una serie de ejemplos que ayudan a su compresión. Uno de los efectos principales de la presencia de sesgos en investigación es que ocasiona un error de clasificación en los participantes, que puede ser diferencial o no, esto impacta los resultados al sobre o subestimarlos, en otras palabras, se encuentran efectos mayores a los reales o peor, no los encontramos cuando si existen. Para ilustrar el impacto de los sesgos, se revisan distintos escenarios que ejemplifican los casos de sobreestimación y subestimación que originan resultados poco confiables(AU)

This document aims to show a synthesis of the main biases that can be present in occupational health studies, their origins and their consequences. For this purpose, a documentary review was conducted of books and articles published in the last 10 years in English and Spanish. Excluding those documents that were not published in journals with an editorial board and, in the case of books, that did not have an ISBN registry. A total of 7 books and 14 articles were included. A bias is a systematic error that occurs in the research process and can occur during the data planning, collection, and processing. Two main types of biases will be reviewed: 1) Selection and 2) Information and/or measurement biases, in each case their definition and, their possible impact on the results are described, a series of examples that may help to understand them are provided. One of the main effects of the presence of biases in research is that they cause an error in the classification of participants, which can be differential or not, and this has an impact on the results by overestimating or underestimating them, i.e., finding stronger effects than the real ones, or worse, not finding them when they exist. To illustrate the impact of biases, different scenarios were reviewed that provide examples of cases of overestimation and underestimation that lead to unreliable results(AU)

Características radiográficas de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en el adulto inmunocompetente hospitalizado según el agente causal / Radiographic characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in the immunocompetent adult hospitalized according to the etiologic agent

Resumen En la práctica clínica, la radiografía de tórax permite confirmar el diagnóstico y la extensión de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC). Objetivos: Examinar las características radiográficas de la NAC según el agente causal y el grado de concordancia interobservador (CI) en la descripción de los hallazgos radiográficos. Métodos: Se evaluaron las radiografías de tórax de 300 pacientes adultos inmunocompetentes hospitalizados por NAC, tres residentes de radiología consignaron el patrón de los infiltrados pulmonares, su localización anatómica y extensión, la presencia de derrame pleural y otros hallazgos radiográficos. Se realizaron cultivos de esputo, hemocultivos, pruebas serológicas y técnicas de biología molecular de hisopado nasofaríngeo para identificar los principales patógenos respiratorios. Resultados: Las manifestaciones clínicas y los hallazgos de la radiografía de tórax fueron similares en las neumonías causadas por diferentes patógenos respiratorios: bacterias clásicas, virus respiratorios y microorganismos atípicos. En las neumonías bacterianas predominó el patrón de relleno alveolar de distribución lobar, en las neumonías vírales y atípicas predominó el patrón intersticial o mixto alvéolo-intersticial con opacidades en vidrio esmerilado. La CI fue satisfactoria (kappa > 0,6) para determinar el patrón principal de los infiltrados pulmonares, su localización anatómica y la presencia de derrame pleural, su localización y extensión. La CI fue moderada (kappa 0,4-0,6) para definir la extensión de la neumonía y detectar signos radiológicos asociados a congestión pulmonar. Conclusión: Los hallazgos de la radiografía de tórax no permitieron identificar con precisión el agente causal de la neumonía, siendo útil en la caracterización de los infiltrados pulmonares y para detectar complicaciones como el derrame paraneumónico.

In a clinical setting the chest radiograph is the reference standard in establishing the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Objectives: This study aimed to assess interobserver reliability (IR) of radiographic findings and the relationship to different respiratory pathogens in CAP. Methods: Chest radiographs of 300 immunocompetent adult patients hospitalized with pneumonia, obtained from a database, were reviewed by three residents of radiology without specific clinical information. Main pattern of pulmonary infiltrates, topographic localization, extent of pneumonia, presence of pleural fluid, thickened bronchial walls, lymphadenopathy and air bronchogram were scored. Sputum and blood cultures, serological tests and nasopharyngeal swab for respiratory virus detection by molecular diagnostic techniques were performed to identify the causative pathogen. Results: Clinical manifestations and chest X-ray findings were similar in pneumonias caused by different respiratory pathogens: classic bacteria, respiratory viruses and atypical microorganisms. The alveolar pattern of lobar distribution predominated in bacterial pneumonia; meanwhile, interstitial or mixed alveolar-interstitial pattern with ground glass opacities predominated in viral and atypical pneumonias. IR was fair to good (kappa > 0.6) for determining the main pattern of infiltrates, anatomical location and the presence of pleural effusion, their anatomical location and extension. IR was moderate (kappa 0.4-0.6) for determining the extent of pneumonia and signs of congestive heart failure. Conclusion: Simple features such as main pattern description, anatomical location, identifying the involved lobes and pleural fluid recognition showed fair to excellent interobserver reliability. Chest radiographs was of limited value in predicting the causative pathogen but were of beneficial use to characterize pulmonary infiltrates and to detect complications such as parapneumonic effusion.

Intra- and interobserver agreement of histopathological findings in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis

Abstract Objective: To assess intra- and interobserver agreement among non-expert pathologists in identifying features of the eosinophilic esophagitis histologic scoring system (EoEHSS) in pediatric patients. Patients and methods: The authors used 50 slides from patients (aged 1-15 years; 72% male) with EoE. EoEHSS evaluates eosinophilic inflammation and other features including epithelial basal zone hyperplasia, eosinophilic abscesses, eosinophil surface layering, dilated intercellular spaces, surface epithelial alteration, dyskeratotic epithelial cells, and lamina propria fibrosis. Grade and stage of abnormalities are scored using a 4-point scale (0 normal; 3 maximum change). Four pathologists determined EoEHSS findings on two occasions. Intra- and interobserver agreement was assessed using Kappa (κ) statistics and intra-class correlation coefficients. Results: Intra- and interobserver agreement for the identification of eosinophil counts ≥ 15/high power field (HPF) was excellent, however varied when assessing additional features of the EoEHSS. For the more experienced pathologist, agreement for most EoEHSS items and the composite scores was substantial to excellent. For the less experienced pathologists, intraobserver agreement ranged from absent to substantial for individual features and ranged from moderate to substantial for the composite scores. Conclusion: Most items of the EoEHSS had substantial to excellent reliability when assessed by a pathologist experienced in the diagnosis of EoE but presented lower repeatability among less experienced pathologists. These findings suggest that specific training of pathologists is required for the identification of EoEHSS characteristics beyond eosinophil count, as these features are considered useful in the evaluation of response to treatment and correlation with clinical manifestations and endoscopic findings.

Análisis comparativo de la visualización del canal mandibular mediante tomografía computarizada cone beam en humanos / Comparative analysis of the visualization of the mandibular canal by cone beam computed tomography in humans

RESUMEN: Una de las estructuras de mayor interés en la región maxilofacial es el canal mandibular, donde su preservación optimiza el éxito de los procedimientos clínicos. Por su disposición al interior de la mandíbula, la visualización in vivo requiere el uso de técnicas radiográficas, entre las que destaca el Cone Beam CT (CBCT). El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la visualización del canal mandibular humano mediante imágenes en CBCT con distintos observadores y programas de radiación. Mediante imágenes generadas con CBCT en mandíbulas secas con distintos programas de adquisición, se obtuvieron cortes coronales en los sectores anterior, medio y posterior del canal mandibular, con un total 240 mediciones, las que incluyeron dos tamaños de voxel y dos dosis de radiación distintos. Cada una de las imágenes fue evaluada por un Cirujano Dentista, Máster en Anatomía y Especialista en radiología Máxilofacial. Se obtuvieron porcentajes de visualización según observador para cada programa de adquisición de imágenes. La prueba de Q de Cochran arrojó diferencias entre los observadores (p0,05). El grado de experticia del observador influye en la visualización y su precisión. A su vez, utilizar un programa de adquisición de imagen con distinto voxel y/o dosis no afecta a la visualización, siendo esta dependiente de la anatomía propia de la estructura. Podría utilizarse un protocolo con menor radiación para el usuario cumpliendo con la premisa ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable).

SUMMARY: One of the structures of greatest interest in the maxillofacial region is the mandibular canal, where its preservation optimizes the success of clinical procedures. Due to its disposition inside the mandible, in vivo visualization requires the use of radiographic techniques, among which the Cone Beam CT (CBCT) stands out. The objective of this work is to compare the visualization of the human mandibular canal by means of CBCT images with different observers and radiation programs. Using images generated with CBCT in dry mandibles with different acquisition programs, coronal slices were obtained in the anterior, middle and posterior sectors of the mandibular canal, with a total of 240 measurements, which included two voxel sizes and two doses different radiation sources. Each of the images was evaluated by a Dentist, an Anatomy Master's degree and a specialist in Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology. Percentages of visualization according to observer were obtained for each image acquisition program. The Cochran Q test yielded differences between the observers (p 0.05). The degree of expertise of the observer influences the visualization and its precision. In turn, using an image acquisition program with a different voxel/radiation dose not affect the visualization, since it depends on the anatomy of the structure itself. A protocol with less radiation could be used in patients complying with the ALARA ("As Low As Reasonably Achievable") premise.

Clinimetric properties of a postural assessment software in older people: reliability, standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change / Propriedades clinimétricas do software de avaliação postural em idosos: reprodutibilidade, erro padrão da medida e mudança mínima detectável

Objective: To evaluate intra- and inter-rater reliability, standard error of the measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC) of the angles obtained with a Postural Assessment Software (SAPO) in older people. Methods: Postural evaluation of 32 older adults was performed using Postural Assessment Software (SAPO). Two raters performed the procedure independently, and one of the raters repeated the process 7 to 10 days later. Reliability was assessed through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and paired and independent t-tests. SEM and MDC95 values were calculated, and Bland-Altman plots were generated. Results: The inter-rater analysis showed that the raters were not different in any of the angles. Most angles achieved good to excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.34 ­ 0.81) and intrarater reliability (ICC = 0.33 ­ 0.88) and were not different between days. The SEM was lower than 10º in most angles. The MDC95 ranged from 2.88º to 18.49º. Bland-Altman analysis indicated that most angles were within the limits of agreement. Overall, angles generated in lateral view had better reliability properties. Conclusion: Postural Assessment Software (SAPO) showed angles with distinct reliability properties in older adults. Angles that reached good to excellent intra- and inter-reliability and exhibited lower variability could be considered for assessing postural changes in older adults. MDC95 values could be used as a reference for indicating changes greater than the variability of the measurement.

Objetivo: Avaliar a confiabilidade interexaminador, o erro padrão da medida (EPM) e a mudança mínima detectável (MMD) dos ângulos obtidos com Software para Avaliação Postural (SAPO) em pessoas idosas. Metodologia: Foi realizada a avaliação postural de 32 idosos usando o Software para Avaliação Postural (SAPO). Dois avaliadores executaram o procedimento independentemente, e um deles repetiu o processo sete a dez dias depois. A confiabilidade foi avaliada pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e testes t pareados e independentes. Os valores de EPM e MMD95 foram calculados e os gráficos de Bland-Altman foram gerados. Resultados: A análise de interexaminador mostrou que os resultados entre os examinadores não foram diferentes em qualquer dos ângulos. A maioria dos ângulos atingiu confiabilidade inter (CCI = 0,34 ­ 0,81) e intraexaminador (CCI = 0,33 ­ 0,88) de boa a excelente e não houve diferença entre os dias. O EPM foi menor que 10º na maioria dos ângulos. A MMD95 variou de 2,88º a 18,49º. A análise de Bland-Altman demonstrou que a maioria dos ângulos estava nos limites de concordância. Os ângulos gerados na vista lateral obtiveram melhores propriedades de medida. Conclusões: O Software para Avaliação Postural (SAPO) mostrou ângulos com diferentes propriedades de medida em pessoas idosas. Os ângulos que atingiram boa a excelente confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores e baixa variabilidade poderiam ser considerados para avaliar as mudanças posturais em pessoas idosas. Os valores de MMD95 podem ser usados como referência para indicar mudanças maiores que a variabilidade da medida.

Diagnostic consistency for observing endodontic files in digital radiographs displayed on different electronic devices / 中华口腔医学杂志

Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic consistency of working lengths by observing endodontic files in root canals and periapical subtle structures in digital intraoral radiographs presented in two smartphones, a tablet and a laptop computer. Methods: A dried human skull embedded in an acrylic compound was used for exposing radiographs of the upper and lower second premolars and first molars with two endodontic files (Kerr files size 10 and 15) positioned to the full length of the roots or 1.5 mm short of apexes. A total of 100 radiographs were taken for each of the file sizes. Five observers were asked to assess all the 200 digital radiographs according to a 5-category scale in smartphone A (HUAWEI P9 Plus), smartphjone B (Apple iPhone 7), tablet (Apple iPad 2018) and laptop computer (Lenovo Thinkpad E480), respectively. The gold standard for receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was determined with the endodontic Kerr file size 20. A total of 150 roots with files were radiographed, 75 of which with files reaching the radiographic apexes of the respective roots and 75 of which with files 1.5 mm short of the radiographic apexes for each endodontic file size. Results from ROC analysis was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and independent sample t test. Results: For the Kerr file size 10, the area under the ROC curve for laptop, tablet and two smartphones were 0.891±0.037, 0.869±0.037, 0.870±0.017 and 0.849±0.037, while for the Kerr file size 15 the ROC values were 0.957±0.02, 0.961±0.02, 0.961±0.01 and 0.961±0.02, respectively. There were no significant differences for diagnostic accuracy for observing endodontic file positions among digital radiographs presented in the two smartphones, one tablet and one laptop devices (endodontic file size 10: F=1.39, P=0.281; endodontic file size 15: F=0.05, P=0.985). A significant difference was found in the diagnostic accuracy of endodontic file positions between size 10 and 15 files in different display devices (t=-10.65, P<0.001). Conclusions: There was a high diagnostic consistency in the determination of working length and periapical subtle structures of roots by observing digital radiographs displayed on smartphones, tablet and laptop computer.

Inter-rater reliability of a composite health promotion scoring system developed in Singapore

INTRODUCTION@#In view of the important role of the environment in improving population health, implementation of health promotion programmes is recommended in living and working environments. Assessing the prevalence of such community health-promoting practices is important to identify gaps and make continuous and tangible improvements to health-promoting environments. We aimed to evaluate the inter-rater reliability of a composite scorecard used to assess the prevalence of community health-promoting practices in Singapore.@*METHODS@#Inter-rater reliability for the use of the composite health promotion scorecards was evaluated in eight residential zones in the western region of Singapore. The assessment involved three raters, and each zone was evaluated by two raters. Health-promoting practices in residential zones were assessed based on 44 measurable elements under five domains - community support and resources, healthy behaviours, chronic conditions, mental health and common medical emergencies - in the composite scorecard using weighted kappa. The strength of agreement was determined based on Landis and Koch's classification method.@*RESULTS@#A high degree of agreement (almost perfect-to-perfect) was observed between both raters for the measurable elements from most domains and subdomains. An exception was observed for the community support and resources domain, where there was a lower degree of agreement between the raters for a few elements.@*CONCLUSION@#The composite scorecard demonstrated a high degree of reliability and yielded similar scores for the same residential zone, even when used by different raters.

Concordância Interobservador no Diagnóstico Citológico de Atipia Escamosa de Significado Indeterminado Favorecendo Lesão de Alto Grau e de Lesão / Intraepitelial Escamosa de Alto Grau nas Lesões do Colo Uterino Interobserver Agreement in Cytological Diagnosis of Atypical Squamous Cell, Cannot Exclude a High-Grade Lesion and High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion in Cervical Lesions / Concordancia Interobservador en el Diagnóstico Citológico de Atipia Escamosa de Significado Indeterminado Favoreciendo Lesión de Alto Grado y Lesión Intraepitelial Escamosa de Alto Grado en Lesiones del Cuello Uterino

Introdução: O exame de Papanicolau é uma importante ferramenta na triagem do carcinoma do colo uterino. O diagnóstico citológico de atipias celulares escamosas de significado indeterminado favorecendo lesão de alto grau (ASC-H) é a categoria de menor concordância interobservador. Objetivo: Avaliar o grau de concordância interobservador para os diagnósticos de ASC-H e de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas de alto grau (LIEAG) em um hospital terciário e avaliar a capacidade do diagnóstico de ASC-H para predizer lesões de maior grau. Método: Foram coletadas lâminas de pacientes atendidas entre 2007 e 2015 no Serviço de Anatomia Patológica do hospital, com diagnósticos originais de ASC-H ou LIEAG realizados pelo mesmo patologista, colposcopia e biópsia, quando indicadas, pelo mesmo ginecologista. Essas citologias foram posteriormente revisadas por outros dois patologistas separadamente e às cegas. Ambos tiveram acesso a dados sobre idade no momento do diagnóstico para reproduzir o diagnóstico da prática clínica. Resultados: Houve 65,1% de lâminas listadas com ASC-H e 34,9% com LIEAG. As duas revisões concordaram concomitantemente com o diagnóstico original em 54,7%. Os índices kappa para os dois diagnósticos e somente para ASC-H foram, respectivamente, 0,46 e 0,49 (concordâncias moderadas). Das lâminas originalmente interpretadas como ASC-H, 68,3% resultaram em lesões de maior grau na histologia. Conclusão: Os dados mostraram uma concordância moderada entre os patologistas para o diagnóstico de ASC-H. É importante destacar que o diagnóstico de ASC-H correspondeu à lesão de maior grau de malignidade na histologia, demonstrando que essas lesões devem ser seguidas clinicamente como LIEAG

Introduction: The Papanicolaou test is an important screening exam for cervical carcinoma. The cytological diagnosis of undetermined atypical squamous cells favoring high-grade lesion (ASC-H) is the category with the least interobserver concurrence. Objective: Evaluate the interobserver concurrence for the ASC-H and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) categories at a teaching hospital and to estimate ASC-H's capacity to predict higher grade lesions. Method: Smears from patients admitted from 2007 to 2015 whose original diagnosis was made by one pathologist, in addition to colposcopy and biopsy, when indicated, made by one gynecologist were collected in the Pathologic Anatomy Service of the hospital. The cytology was reviewed by two other pathologists separately and blindly. Both reviewers had access to data about age at the moment of the diagnosis in order to reproduce the clinical diagnosis. Results: There were 65.1% smears considered as ASC-H and 34.9%, as HSIL. The reviews concurred simultaneously with the original diagnosis in 54.7% of the cases. The kappa indexes for both categories and only for ASC-H were, respectively, 0.46 and 0.49 (moderate concurrence). 68.3% of the smears primarily described as ASC-H resulted in higher grade lesions in histology. Conclusion: The data showed a moderate concurrence between the pathologists for the ASC-H's diagnosis. It is important to highlight that ASC-H matched with higher grade lesions at the histology, needing follow-up as HSIL

Introducción: La prueba de Papanicolaou es un importante examen de detección del carcinoma del cuello uterino. El diagnostico citológico de las células escamosas atípicas, no se descarta una lesión de grado alto (ASC-H) es la categoría de menor acuerdo interobservador. Objetivo: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar el grado de concordancia interobservador para los diagnósticos de atipias escamosas de significado indeterminado favoreciendo lesión de alto grado (ASC-H) y de lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de alto grado (LIEAG) en un hospital terciario de Curitiba (PR) y evaluar la capacidad del diagnóstico de ASC-H de predecir las lesiones de mayor grado. Método: Se recogieron del Servicio de Anatomía Patológica del hospital las láminas de pacientes atendidas entre 2007 y 2015, con diagnósticos originales de ASC-H o LIEAG realizados por el mismo patólogo y colposcopia y biopsia, cuando indicadas, por el mismo ginecólogo. Esas citologías fueron revisadas después por otros dos patólogos separadamente y a ciegas. Ambos tuvieron acceso a datos sobre edad en el momento del diagnóstico para reproducir el diagnóstico de la práctica clínica. Resultados: Hubo el 65,1% de las láminas señaladas con ASC-H y el 34,9%, con LIEAG. Las revisiones concordaron concomitantemente con el diagnóstico original en el 54,7%. Los índices kappa para los dos diagnósticos y solamente para ASC-H fueron, respectivamente, 0,46 y 0,49 (concordancias moderadas). De las láminas originalmente interpretadas como ASC-H, 68,3% resultaron en lesiones de mayor grado en la histología. Conclusión: Hubo una concordancia moderada entre los patólogos para la categoría ASC-H. Se destaca también la correspondencia de ASC-H con lesiones de mayor grado en la histología, lo que dirige su seguimiento clínico como LIEAG

Diagnosing Septate Uterus Using Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Using Three Different Classifications: An Interobserver and Intraobserver Agreement Study / Diagnóstico de útero septado com ecografia tridimensional usando três classificações diferentes: Um estudo de concordância interobservador e intraobservador

Abstract Objective Currently, there are up to three different classifications for diagnosing septate uterus. The interobserver agreement among them has been poorly assessed. To assess the interobserver agreement of nonexpert sonographers for classifying septate uterus using the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology/European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESHRE/ESGE), American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), and Congenital Uterine Malformations by Experts (CUME) classifications. Methods A total of 50 three-dimensional (3D) volumes of a nonconsecutive series of women with suspected uterine malformation were used. Two nonexpert examiners evaluated a single 3D volume of the uterus of each woman, blinded to each other. The following measurements were performed: indentation depth, indentation angle, uterine fundal wall thickness, external fundal indentation, and indentation-to-wall-thickness (I:WT) ratio. Each observer had to assign a diagnosis in each case, according to the three classification systems (ESHRE/ESGE, ASRM, and CUME). The interobserver agreement regarding the ESHRE/ESGE, ASRM, and CUME classifications was assessed using the Cohen weighted kappa index (k). Agreement regarding the three classifications (ASRM versus ESHRE/ESGE, ASRM versus CUME, ESHRE/ESGE versus CUME) was also assessed. Results The interobserver agreement between the 2 nonexpert examiners was good for the ESHRE/ESGE (k = 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55-0.92) and very good for the ASRM and CUME classification systems (k = 0.95; 95%CI: 0.86-1.00; and k = 0.91; 95%CI: 0.79-1.00, respectively). Agreement between the ESHRE/ESGE and ASRM classifications was moderate for both examiners. Agreement between the ESHRE/ESGE and CUME classifications was moderate for examiner 1 and good for examiner 2. Agreement between the ASRM and CUME classifications was good for both examiners. Conclusion The three classifications have good (ESHRE/ESGE) or very good (ASRM and CUME) interobserver agreement. Agreement between the ASRM and CUME classifications was higher than that for the ESHRE/ESGE and ASRM and ESHRE/ESGE and CUME classifications.

Resumo Objetivo Atualmente, existem até três classificações diferentes para o diagnóstico de útero septado. A concordância interobservador entre eles tem sido pouco avaliada. Avaliar a concordância interobservador de ecografistas não especialistas para classificar úteros septados usando as classificações European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology/European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESHRE/ESGE, na sigla em inglês), American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM, na sigla em inglês) e Congenital Uterine Malformations by Experts (CUME, na sigla em inglês). Métodos Foram utilizados50volumes tridimensionais (3D)deuma série não consecutiva de mulheres com suspeita de malformação uterina. Dois examinadores não especialistas avaliaram um único volume 3D do útero de cada mulher, mutuamente cegos. As seguintes medidas foram aferidas: profundidade de indentação, ângulo de indentação, espessura da parede do fundo uterino, indentação externa do fundo e relação entre indentação e a espessura da parede (I:WT, na sigla em inglês). Cada observador teve que atribuir um diagnóstico em cada caso, de acordo com os três sistemas de classificação (ESHRE/ESGE, ASRM e CUME). A concordância interobservador em relação às classificações ESHRE/ESGE, ASRM e CUME foi avaliada usando o índice kappa ponderado de Cohen (k). A concordância em relação às três classificações (ASRM versus ESHRE/ESGE, ASRM versus CUME e ESHRE/ ESGE versus CUME) também foi avaliada. Resultados A concordância interobservador entre os 2 examinadores não especialistas foi boa para a classificação ESHRE/ESGE (k = 0,74, intervalo de confiança [IC] 95%: 0,55-0,92) e muito boa para os sistemas de classificação ASRM e CUME (k = 0,95; IC 95%: 0,86-1,00; e k = 0,91; IC95%: 0,79-1,00, respectivamente). A concordância entre as classificações ESHRE/ESGE e ASRM foi moderada para ambos os examinadores. A concordância entre as classificações ESHRE/ESGE e CUME foi moderada para o examinador 1 e boa para o examinador 2. A concordância entre as classificações ASRM e CUME foi boa para ambos os examinadores. Conclusão As três classificações apresentam concordância interobservador boa (ESHRE/ESGE) ou muito boa (ASRM e CUME). A concordância entre as classificações ASRM e CUME foi maior do que entre as classificações ESHRE/ESGE e ASRM e ESHRE/ESGE e CUME.

Detección de tornillos prominentes en la articulación radiocarpiana mediante la proyección tangencial del escafoides dorsal / Detection of protruding screws in the radiocarpal joint using the "scaphoid skyline view"

INTRODUCCIÓN: Una de las complicaciones de la osteosíntesis retrógrada del escafoides es la protrusión del tornillo en la articulación radiocarpiana, dada la limitada visualización intraoperatoria del polo proximal del escafoides con las proyecciones tradicionales. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la capacidad de una nueva proyección radiológica, la proyección "tangencial del escafoides dorsal", o TED, para identificar tornillos prominentes radiocarpianos durante la osteosíntesis retrógrada del escafoides con tornillos canulados. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cadavérico en muñecas frescas congeladas. Se introdujo en el escafoides un tornillo canulado con técnica retrógrada estándar. La proyección TED fue evaluada en 5 muñecas, con angulaciones del antebrazo de 15°, 30° y 45° para definir la mejor visualización del polo proximal del escafoides y del tornillo. Se comparó la capacidad para identificar la prominencia del tornillo en el polo proximal de la proyección TED de 30° con 5 proyecciones tradicionales de escafoides en 9 muñecas. El tornillo se posicionó a nivel de la superficie del escafoides, y luego se avanzó a intervalos de 0,5 mm bajo visualización directa por artrotomía dorsal. Tras cada intervalo, se repitieron todas las proyecciones para determinar su capacidad de detectar tornillos prominentes en el escafoides. RESULTADOS: La mejor visualización del polo proximal del escafoides se logró con la proyección TED de 30°. Al comparar la proyección TED de 30° y las tradicionales, con la TED se logró identificar tornillos prominentes a 0,8 mm promedio, seguida por la proyección posteroanterior con cubitalización y extensión a 1.3 mm (p » 0.014), con una alta precisión y correlación interobservador de estas proyecciones. CONCLUSIÓN: La proyección TED demostró ser la más sensible para detectar tornillos prominentes en la articulación radiocarpiana. Su uso rutinario podría evitar complicaciones durante la osteosíntesis.

INTRODUCTION: One of the complications of the retrograde percutaneous scaphoid fixation is the protrusion of the screw in the radiocarpal joint due to the limited intraoperative visualization of the proximal pole of the scaphoid with the traditional radiographic views. OBJETIVE: To evaluate the sensitivity of a novel radiographic view (the skyline scaphoid view, SSV) to detect screws protruding in the radiocarpal joint during the retrograde fixation of the scaphoid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied nine cadaverous fresh frozen wrists. A retrograde cannulated screw was inserted in the scaphoid. To validate the SSV, 5 wrists were studied, comparing 3 forearm angulations (15°, 30° and 45°) to get the best visualization of the proximal pole and screw. We compared the ability to identify the protrusion of the screw in the proximal pole of the 30° SSV with that of 5 standard scaphoid radiographic views in 9 wrists. The screw was positioned at the level of the surface of the scaphoid, and was sequentially protruded in 0.5 mm increments, with direct visualization of its tip through a dorsal capsulotomy. After each increment, all views were repeated to determine if they were able to detect screws projecting from the scaphoid. RESULTS: The best visualization of the proximal pole of the scaphoid was found with the 30° SSV. In the comparison of the 30° SSV and the standard views, with the SSV we were able to identify the protrusion of the screws at an average of 0.8 mm, followed by the posterior-anterior view with ulnar deviation and extension at 1.3 mm (p » 0.014), with high precision and interobserver agreement regarding these views. CONCLUSION: The SSV was the most sensitive view to detect protruding screws in the proximal pole of the scaphoid. Its routine use could avoid complications during osteosynthesis.

Confiabilidade da análise de processo para o desempenho da tarefa de levantar-se do solo em idosos / Intra e inter reliability of supine-to-stand task performance in older adults

A tarefa de levantar-se do solo a partir do decúbito dorsal (STS) tem apresentado recursos avaliativos complementares, em termos de julgamento do desempenho motor, físico e funcional em idosos por meio de medidas quantitativas e qualitativas. Especificamente, em medidas de processo (qualitativas) há sete protocolos que categorizam o desempenho do STS em idosos. Objetivo: Determinar o nível de confiabilidade intra e entre avaliadores da análise de processo do STS em idosos, segundo protocolo adaptado de Manini et al. Métodos: 25 idosos (12 mulheres) realizaram a tarefa de levantar-se do solo a partir do decúbito dorsal sem auxílio. Dois codificadores de vídeo, estudantes de graduação no nível superior de educação - tempo de experiência > 2 anos em Educação Física e ± 6 meses de uso do protocolo classificaram o desempenho dos idosos de acordo com o protocolo. A confiabilidade intra-avaliador e entre avaliadores foi considerada moderada (K = 0,533; p = 0,001; K = 0,466; p = 0,001) e substancial para a medida intra-avaliador 2 (K = 0,736; p = 0,001). O nível de confiabilidade intra e entreavaliadores do STS segundo o protocolo adaptado de Manini foi considerado moderado para sujeitos idosos. (AU)

The Supine-To-Stand task (STS) has presented complementary assessment resources, in terms of motor, physical and functional assessment in the elderly through quantitative and qualitative measures. Specifically, in process measures (qualitative) seven protocols categorize the performance of STS in the elderly. Objective: To determine the level of reliability within and between evaluators of the STS process analysis in the elderly, according to a protocol adapted from Manini et al. Methods: 25 elderly (12 female) performed the task of rising from the ground from the supine position without assistance. Two video encoders, graduate students at the higher education level - time of experience >2 years in Physical Education and ± 6 months in use of the protocol classified the performance of the elderly according to this protocol. Intra-rater and between rater reliability was considered moderate (K = 0.533; p = 0.001; K = 0.466; p = 0.001) and substantial for intra-rater 2 (K = 0.736; p = 0.001). The level of intra- and inter-rater reliability of the STS according to the adapted protocol of Manini was considered moderate for elderly subjects. (AU)

Comparison of methods for evaluating upper limb strength by hand-held dynamometry / Comparação entre métodos na avaliação de dinamometria hand-held para músculos dos membros superiores / Comparación entre métodos en la evaluación de dinamometría hand-held para músculos de los miembros superiores

ABSTRACT Introduction The upper limbs are segments of the human body responsible for primary activities of daily life, and the muscles are essential structures for performing these activities. There have been few studies on intra- and inter-examiner reliability of the hand-held dynamometer (HHD) in healthy subjects, and none have been published that compare dynamometric evaluation methods in the main muscles in this segment. Objective Evaluate intra-examiner and inter-examiner assessment reliability of the hand-held dynamometry of upper limb muscles in healthy individuals, as well as comparing the assessment reliability between fixed and non-fixed methods. Methods Healthy subjects aged over 18 years were recruited for the study. The isometric contraction for ten muscle groups of the dominant upper limb was tested. For the fixed method, we used a system of suction cups, connected to the HHD by an inelastic belt. For the non-fixed method, the examiner supported the device by hand. The isometric contraction was sustained for three seconds. Each measurement was repeated three times, considering the highest value obtained. The reliability was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The dispersion between measurements was expressed by a Bland-Altman plot. Results The sample consisted of 25 volunteers, all right-handed. The intra-examiner ICC was 0.89-0.99 for the non-fixed method, and 0.43 to 0.85 for the fixed method. Inter-examiner reliability showed equivalent behavior. This study showed that evaluation of upper limb muscle strength using an isometric dynamometer has excellent intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability. The supine position was chosen due to the need to propose a feasible protocol for clinical practice that could be replicated for the majority of publics and in different environments. The non-fixed method showed better reliability overall, demonstrating the feasibility of this tool without the need for adaptations, additional devices, or increased operating costs for this evaluation. Conclusion Comparison between the fixed and non-fixed HHD methods demonstrated superiority of the non-fixed method in terms of reliability. Level of evidence II; Investigation of a diagnostic exam - Development of diagnostic criteria with consecutive patients.

RESUMO Introdução Os membros superiores são segmentos do corpo humano responsáveis por atividades primordiais do nosso cotidiano, e os músculos são estruturas imprescindíveis para isso. Ainda são escassos na literatura os estudos sobre a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores da dinamometria Hand-Held em indivíduos saudáveis, sendo inédita a comparação entre os métodos de avaliação da dinamometria nos principais músculos desse segmento. Objetivo Avaliar a confiabilidade da avaliação intraexaminador e interexaminador da dinamometria manual de músculos do membro superior em indivíduos saudáveis, bem como comparar a confiabilidade da avaliação entre métodos fixos e não fixos. Métodos Foram recrutados indivíduos saudáveis, maiores de 18 anos. A contração isométrica para dez grupos musculares do membro superior dominante foi testada. Para o método fixado, foi empregado um sistema de ventosas conectado ao Dinamomêtro Hand-Held (DHH) por um cinto inelástico. No método não fixado, o examinador apoiou o aparelho com a mão. A contração isométrica foi sustentada por três segundos. Cada medida foi repetida três vezes, considerando o maior valor obtido. A confiabilidade foi calculada através do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI). A dispersão entre as medidas foi expressa pelo diagrama de Bland-Altman. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 25 voluntários, todos destros. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) dos intraexaminadores para método não fixado foi de 0,89 a 0,99 e, para o método fixado, situou-se entre 0,43 e 0,85. A confiabilidade interexaminadores teve comportamento equivalente. O presente estudo demonstrou que a avaliação da força dos músculos dos MMSS com dinamômetro isométrico apresenta excelente confiabilidade tanto intra como interexaminadores. A escolha do posicionamento em supino vem da necessidade de propor um protocolo factível na prática clínica, replicável para a maioria dos públicos e em ambientes diversos. O fato de o método não fixado demonstrar maior confiabilidade, em geral, expõe a viabilidade do uso dessa ferramenta sem necessidade de adaptações, dispositivos adicionais ou aumento do custo operacional nessa avaliação. Conclusão A comparação entre os métodos fixados e os não fixados da dinamometria Hand-Held demonstrou superioridade do método não fixado quanto à confiabilidade. Nível de evidência II; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico - Desenvolvimento de critérios diagnósticos com pacientes consecutivos.

RESUMEN Introducción Los miembros superiores son segmentos del cuerpo humano responsables de las actividades primordiales de nuestro cotidiano, y los músculos son estructuras imprescindibles para eso. Aún son escasos los estudios sobre la confiabilidad intra e interexaminadores de la dinamometría Hand-Held en individuos saludables, siendo inédita la comparación entre los métodos de evaluación de la dinamometría en los músculos principales de ese segmento. Objetivos Evaluar la confiabilidad de la evaluación intraexaminador e interexaminador de la dinamometría manual de músculos del miembro superior en individuos saludables, bien como comparar la confiabilidad der la evaluación entre métodos fijos y no fijos. Métodos Se reclutaron individuos saludables, mayores de 18 años. Se probó la contracción isométrica para diez grupos musculares del miembro superior dominante. Para el método fijado, se utilizó un sistema de ventosas, conectado al Dinamómetro Hand-Held (DHH) a través de un cinturón inelástico. En el método no fijado, el examinador apoyó el aparato con la mano. La contracción isométrica fue sustentada por tres segundos. Cada medición fue repetida tres veces, considerando el valor más alto obtenido. La confiabilidad fue calculada a través del coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI). La dispersión entre las mediciones se expresó por el diagrama de Bland-Altman. Resultados La muestra fue compuesta por 25 voluntarios, todos diestros. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) de los intraexaminadores para método no fijado fue de 0,89 a 0,99 y, para el método fijado fue entre 0,43 y 0,85. La confiabilidad intraexaminadores tuvo comportamiento equivalente. El presente estudio demostró que la evaluación de la fuerza de los músculos de los MMSS con un dinamómetro isométrico presenta excelente confiabilidad tanto intra como interexaminadores. La elección del posicionamiento en supino viene de la necesidad de proponer un protocolo factible en la práctica clínica, replicable para la mayoría de los públicos y en ambientes diversos. El hecho de que el método no fijado demuestre mayor confiabilidad, en general, expone la viabilidad del uso de esa herramienta sin necesidad de adaptaciones, dispositivos adicionales o aumento del costo operacional, en esa evaluación. Conclusión La comparación entre los métodos fijados y no fijados de la dinamometría Hand-Held demostró superioridad del método no fijado cuanto a la confiabilidad. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico - Desarrollo de criterios diagnósticos con pacientes consecutivos.